Selected References

Born Strong was written to sit where two worlds meet — the lived experience of a NICU family and the science that helps explain it. Throughout the book, the "The Science of…" sections draw on peer-reviewed research in neonatology, developmental neuroscience, and psychology, alongside guidance from hospitals, clinical bodies, and family organisations.

The references below bring those sources together, chapter by chapter, so you can read further into any topic that speaks to you — whether that's brain development, family-integrated care, kangaroo care, or growth after trauma. Some are technical; others are written for parents. All of them shaped the book.

If you notice anything that needs correcting, I'd be grateful to hear from you — keeping this list accurate matters to me.

Chapter 1

1. Baracskay, P., Kálmán, M., & Székely, G. (2009). Oligodendrocyte development and the onset of myelination in the human spinal cord. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 20(4), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.02.001
2. Budday, S., Steinmann, P., & Kuhl, E. (2015). Physical biology of human brain development. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 9, Article 257. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00257
3. Charvet, C. J. (2024). More than a small brain: The importance of studying neural development from an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Neuroscience, 44(48), e1367242024. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1367-24.2024
4. Charvet, C. J., & Finlay, B. L. (2014). The timing of the neurogenetic heyday in the human neocortex. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00014
5. Children's Services Division, Oregon Library Association. (2013). Web resources about early brain development, language development, and early literacy. Oregon Library Association. https://www.olaweb.org/assets/CSD/CSDFall2013BrainSTEM/early%20brain%20development%20online%20resources.pdf
6. Custodio, C. S., & Nogueira, M. (2019). The role of the prenatal environment in the modulation of the immune system and the subsequent development of the central nervous system. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 7, Article 138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00138
7. Fan, S., He, H., & Bi, T. (2017). Human fetal brain connectome: Structural network development from 22 to 36 gestational weeks. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, Article 561. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00561
8. Flores-Sarnat, L. R. (2023). Sequences of synaptogenesis in the human fetal and neonatal central nervous system. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 17, Article 1105183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2023.1105183
9. Gholipour, T., Hassanzadeh, S., Gholipour, A., & Shahidi, G. (2020). Morphometric development of the human fetal cerebellum during the second trimester of gestation: A stereological study. Journal of Advanced Medical Sciences and Applied Technologies, 6(1), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.18869/nrip.jamsat.6.1.18
10. Graham, A. M., Rasmussen, J. M., Rudolph, M. D., & Entringer, S. (2024). Impact of the maternal environment and inflammation on fetal brain development: Implications for psychopathology risk. Seminars in Immunopathology, 46(3), 325–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-024-01456-9
11. Graven, S. N., & Browne, J. V. (2008). Development of fetal hearing. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 8(4), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2008.10.005
12. Gyllencreutz, E., Östling, S., & Bååth, R. (2022). Fetal brain development: Regulating processes and related disorders. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(12), 6868. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126868
13. James, D. K. (2010). Fetal learning: A critical review. Infant and Child Development, 19(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.654
14. Juric-Lekic, A., Šimić, G., & Kostović, I. (2020). Does birth trigger cell death in the developing brain? A comparative study of apoptosis in the human fetal and neonatal hippocampus. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 14, Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2020.00005
15. Kurjak, A., & Azumendi, G. (2007). Advances in fetal neurophysiology. Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1063
16. Lozier Institute. (n.d.). Hearing in the womb. Retrieved July 29, 2025, from https://lozierinstitute.org/dive-deeper/hearing-in-the-womb/
17. Malinger, G., Tonni, G., & Paladini, D. (2024). Fetal malformations of cortical development: Review and clinical guidance. Brain. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awae094
18. Marczylo, E. L., Simpson, A., Kaha, S., & Ioannides, C. (2024). Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and offspring brain development and function. Nutrients, 16(19), 3337. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193337
19. Martinez-Lage, M. (2011). Cellular and molecular introduction to brain development. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 16(3), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2011.01.006
20. Marx, V., & Nagy, E. (2015). Fetal behavioural responses to maternal voice and touch. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0129118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129118
21. Organization of Teratology Information Specialists. (2022, April). Critical periods of development. In MotherToBaby. Retrieved July 29, 2025, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582659/
22. Peterson, A. (2014, October 21). Apoptosis in embryonic development. Embryo Project Encyclopedia. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/apoptosis-embryonic-development
23. Reid, V. M., Dunn, K., & Young, R. J. (2020). Fetal eye movements in response to a visual stimulus. Brain and Behavior, 10(10), e01676. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1676
24. Sagiv, S. K., & Eick, S. M. (2016). Research review: Environmental exposures, neurodevelopment, and child psychopathology—What we have learned and where we are headed. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(6), 661–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12560
25. Sesha, M. R., & Mony, R. G. (2016). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of transient fetal compartments of the human cerebral cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 10, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2016.00011
26. Siegel, G. J., Agranoff, B. W., Albers, R. W., Fisher, S. K., & Uhler, M. D. (Eds.). (2006). Developmental biology of myelin. In Basic neurochemistry: Molecular, cellular and medical aspects (7th ed.). Elsevier. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28151/
27. Stiles, J. (2022, May). Brain development. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.785
28. Stiles, J., & Jernigan, T. L. (2010). The basics of brain development. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4
29. Thriving development: A review of prenatal through adolescent growth. (n.d.). 5.16 Motor skill milestones. Open Oregon Educational Resources. Retrieved July 29, 2025, from https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/devpre2ad/chapter/5-16-motor-skill-milestones/
30. Wajskopf, T. (n.d.). Foetal motor development. Physiopedia. Retrieved July 29, 2025, from https://www.physio-pedia.com/Foetal_Motor_Development
31. Weinstock, M. (2017). Influence of maternal hormonal milieu on fetal brain development and susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 47, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.001
32. Wiberg, A., Alfaro-Almagro, F., McCarthy, P., & Smith, S. M. (2024). Emergent aspects of the integration of sensory and motor functions in the developing human brain. Nature, 630(8017), 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07490-x

Chapter 2

33. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2023, November 21). Health issues of premature babies. HealthyChildren.org. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/preemie/Pages/Health-Issues-of-Premature-Babies.aspx
34. Birth Injury Justice Center. (2024, May 29). Intraventricular hemorrhage in infants — Causes & symptoms. https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/birth-injury/intraventricular-hemorrhage/
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, October 4). Preterm births — United States, 2006 and 2010. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(Suppl. 3), 91–95. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6203a22.htm
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Natality, 2016. National Center for Health Statistics. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/59829/cdc_59829_DS1.pdf
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, May 18). What are jaundice and kernicterus? CDC Archives. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/ncbddd/jaundice/facts.html
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, October 24). Jaundice and breastfeeding. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/illnesses-conditions/jaundice.html
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, November 28). Early-onset neonatal sepsis surveillance and trends. https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports/neonatal-sepsis.html
40. Cerebral Palsy Guidance. (n.d.). Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and cerebral palsy. Retrieved July 31, 2025, from https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/cerebral-palsy/causes/ivh/
41. DeCristofaro, J. D. (2023, February). Hypothermia in neonates. In Merck Manual Professional Edition. Merck & Co. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/perinatal-problems/hypothermia-in-neonates
42. Ely, D. M., & Driscoll, A. K. (2024, January 25). Births: Final data for 2022. National Vital Statistics Reports, 73(1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-01.pdf
43. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. (2024, November 17). World Prematurity Day 2024: Championing quality care for every preterm newborn. https://www.figo.org/news/world-prematurity-day-2024-championing-quality-care-every-preterm-newborn
44. Mayo Clinic. (2023, December 1). Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/patent-ductus-arteriosus/symptoms-causes/syc-20376145
45. Mayo Clinic. (2024, May 10). Premature birth. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-birth/symptoms-causes/syc-20376730
46. Mitra, S., Samanta, M., & Sarkar, M. (2012). Patent ductus arteriosus: An overview. Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 1(3), 133–141. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3462096/
47. Oza, S., & Tadisina, K. (2024, April 23). Neonatal sepsis. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7326682/
48. Rich, W., & Bhutta, A. (2024, August 12). Necrotizing enterocolitis. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513357/
49. The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. (2022, November). Nursing guidelines: Assisted thermoregulation. https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Thermoregulation_in_the_preterm_infant/
50. UNICEF. (2023, May 10). 150 million babies born preterm in the last decade [Press release]. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/150-million-babies-born-preterm-last-decade
51. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. (n.d.). National Prematurity Awareness Month. WIC Works Resource System. Retrieved July 31, 2025, from https://wicworks.fns.usda.gov/topic/health-observances/national-prematurity-awareness-month
52. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, & National Institutes of Health. (2024, April 25). FDA, CDC, NIH consensus statement on recent advisory council report on premature infants and necrotizing enterocolitis. South Florida Hospital News. https://southfloridahospitalnews.com/fda-cdc-nih-consensus-statement-on-recent-advisory-council-report-on-premature-infants-and-necrotizing-enterocolitis/
53. World Health Organization. (2023, May 9). Preterm birth. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preterm-birth
54. World Health Organization. (2023, October 6). 1 in 10 babies worldwide are born early, with major impacts on health and survival. https://www.who.int/news/item/06-10-2023-1-in-10-babies-worldwide-are-born-early--with-major-impacts-on-health-and-survival

Chapter 3

55. ABC Law Centers. (2022, September 15). The unrecognized warzone: Addressing PTSD in NICU parents. Birth Injury Blog. https://www.abclawcenters.com/blog/the-unrecognized-warzone-addressing-ptsd-in-nicu-parents/
56. Al Ansari, T. M., Alabbasi, T. A., Alomran, S. M., Almusalam, M. H., & Aljalahma, Z. J. (2024). Exploring stress levels among parents of premature infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 46(2), 173–177. https://bahrainmedicalbulletin.com/June_2024/BMB-23-677.pdf
57. Ay, S., & Conk, Z. (2024). The stress levels of premature infants' parents and related factors in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 75, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2023.12.012
58. Balas, M., Mărginean, C., Sălăvăstru, D., & Gozar, H. (2024). Associations between prematurity, postpartum anxiety, neonatal pain, maternal-infant bonding, and social support. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 5779. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56360-x
59. Baral, D., Karki, S., & Shrestha, S. (2024). Communication difficulties faced by mothers of neonates in selected neonatal care units of a tertiary hospital of Nepal. Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 44(2), 180–187. https://doi.org/10.62123/joneps.v44i2.483
60. Çelik, A. D., & Gürol, A. (2023). Differences in parental stress in mothers and fathers of preterm infants: A prospective, comparative study. European Journal of Midwifery, 7(October), Article 45. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/172552
61. Gire, C., Nicaise, C., D'Amato, T., Eutrope, J., & Faure, M. (2019). Stress and feelings in mothers and fathers in NICU: Identifying risk factors. BMC Pediatrics, 19(1), Article 194. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1570-0
62. Heermann, J. A., Wilson, M. E., & Wilhelm, P. A. (2005). Coping with the neonatal intensive care unit experience: Parents' strategies and views of staff support. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 19(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005237-200504000-00006
63. Kalb, E. (2024, September 3). Creating effective parent-provider communication in the NICU. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/psychological-trauma-coping-and-resilience/202409/creating-effective-parent-provider
64. Lima, D. L. F., Siqueira, F. P. C., & Rocha, C. M. F. (2017). Maternal coping with baby hospitalization at a neonatal intensive care unit. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 27(Suppl. 1), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-432727s1201712
65. March of Dimes. (2024, May). Coping with postpartum anxiety and PTSD in the NICU. https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/blog/coping-postpartum-anxiety-and-ptsd-nicu
66. Maté, G. (2019). When the body says no: The cost of hidden stress. Penguin Books UK.
67. Nurhaeni, N., Agustini, N., & Rustina, Y. (2024). Maternal social support and resilience in caring for preterm newborns at the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU): A qualitative study. Belitung Nursing Journal, 10(4), 438–446. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.3392
68. Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health. (2023, June 28). Common emotions for NICU parents. https://www.lancastergeneralhealth.org/health-hub-home/motherhood/fourth-trimester/common-emotions-for-nicu-parents
69. Provenzi, L., Fumagalli, M., Sirgiovanni, I., Giorda, R., & Montirosso, R. (2023). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in parents of preterm newborns: A systematic review of interventions and prevention strategies. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1113054. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1113054
70. Raising Children Network. (2023, March 13). Premature birth: Coping with emotions. https://raisingchildren.net.au/newborns/premature-babies-sick-babies/premature-birth/premature-birth-feelings
71. Raising Children Network. (2024, January 2). NICU bonding with sick or premature babies. https://raisingchildren.net.au/newborns/premature-babies-sick-babies/connecting-communicating/bonding-in-the-nicu
72. Taking Cara Babies. (n.d.). Bonding in the NICU. Retrieved July 31, 2025, from https://takingcarababies.com/bonding-in-the-nicu
73. Taut, D., Tan, M., & Teoh, P. C. (2025). Editorial: Psychological implications of preterm birth. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1572801. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1572801
74. van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
75. Vancouver Association for Survivors of Torture. (2023, October 12). Social support needs for the parents of premature babies. https://www.vastbc.ca/articles/social-support-needs-for-the-parents-of-premature-babies

Chapter 4

76. Alberta Health Services. (2023, September 21). Learning about the staff in the NICU. MyHealth.Alberta.ca. https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=abq0236
77. Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. (n.d.). Physical therapy for children in the NICU/CCU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/specialties-conditions/physical-therapy-for-children-in-the-nicuccu/
78. British Association of Perinatal Medicine. (n.d.). Dietitians. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.bapm.org/pages/199-dietitians
79. British Dietetic Association. (2021). Dietitian staffing on neonatal units: BDA guidance. https://www.bda.uk.com/static/ab614d3e-e095-4e4f-96ae1458204e8810/391a27be-69a0-4b43-a52d54a731da7f01/BDA-Formatted-Staffing-Recc.pdf
80. C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. (n.d.). NICU tests and procedures. Michigan Medicine. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.mottchildren.org/conditions-treatments/nicu-tests-and-procedures
81. Children's Hospital Colorado. (n.d.-a). Neonatal occupational therapy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/nicu-services/neonatal-occupational-therapy/
82. Children's Hospital Colorado. (n.d.-b). Neonatal physical therapy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/nicu-services/neonatal-physical-therapy/
83. Children's Hospital of Orange County. (2023, August 30). What to expect in the NICU. CHOC Blog. https://choc.org/news/what-to-expect-in-the-nicu/
84. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (n.d.). Neonatal-perinatal fellowship program. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.chop.edu/pediatric-fellowships/neonatal-perinatal-fellowship
85. Community Health Network. (n.d.). Neonatal intensive care (NICU). Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.ecommunity.com/services/womens-care/newborn-care/neonatal-intensive-care
86. Consortium on Newborn Health Standards. (2021, July). Standards for newborn health: NICU design. https://newborn-health-standards.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/TEG_NICU-design_complete.pdf
87. March of Dimes. (n.d.). NICU initiatives. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.marchofdimes.org/our-work/nicu-initiatives
88. Mayo Clinic. (2024, May 10). Premature birth: Diagnosis and treatment. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/premature-birth/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376736
89. Memorial Hermann. (n.d.). March of Dimes NICU Family Support program. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://memorialhermann.org/services/march-of-dimes-nicu-family-support-program
90. Philbin, M. K., & Evans, J. B. (2006). Recommended NICU design standards and the physical environment of the NICU. Journal of Perinatology, 26(Suppl. 1), S30–S36. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jp.7211438
91. Pineda, R., Durant, P., Mathur, A., Inder, T., Wallendorf, M., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2018). Noise in the neonatal intensive care unit: A new approach to environmental monitoring. The Journal of Pediatrics, 203, 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.054
92. Point32Health. (2023, November). Thermoregulation guideline for premature infants. https://www.point32health.org/provider/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/11/Progeny-Thermoregulation-Guideline-for-premature-infants.pdf
93. Stark, A. R., Askie, L. A., & Fanaroff, A. A. (2023). Standards for levels of neonatal care: II, III, and IV. Pediatrics, 151(6), e2023061957. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-061957
94. Stark, A. R., & The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn. (2012). Levels of neonatal care. Pediatrics, 130(3), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1999
95. The University of Notre Dame. (n.d.). NICU standard 11: Ambient temperature and ventilation. NICU Design Standards. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://nicudesign.nd.edu/nicu-standards/nicu-standard-12-ambient-temperature-and-ventilation/
96. UF Health Jacksonville. (2021, November 3). Occupational therapy in the NICU. https://ufhealthjax.org/stories/2021/occupational-therapy-in-the-nicu
97. University of Rochester Medical Center. (n.d.). An overview of the NICU. Health Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=90&contentid=p02358

Chapter 5

98. Al-Abdi, S. Y., Al-Aamri, M. A., & Al-Subhi, T. A. (2022). Comparison of Papile versus laterality-based Al-Abdi system to predict neurodevelopmental impairment in extreme preterm infants after severe germinal matrix hemorrhage–intraventricular hemorrhage. Children, 9(3), 362. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030362
99. Anderson, P. J. (2008). Cognitive development in children born preterm: Implications for theories of brain plasticity following early injury. Progress in Brain Research, 164, 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(07)64010-8
100. Ball, G., Ling, G., Tachtsidis, I., Broad, K. D., & Golay, X. (2024). Preterm nutrition and brain development. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, e000749. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000749
101. Baron, I. S., & Rey-Casserly, C. (2010). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants. Current Opinion in Neurology, 23(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833758b2
102. Pickler, R. H., McGrath, J. M., Reyna, B. A., McCauley, K., Duffy, L., Best, A., Lewis, M., Cone, S., & Wetzel, P. (2010). A model of neurodevelopmental risk and protection for preterm infants. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 24(4), 356–365.
103. Baron, I. S., & Rey-Casserly, C. (2016). Learning disabilities in extremely low birth weight children and neurodevelopmental profiles at preschool age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 998. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00998
104. Bassan, H. (2019). Postnatal nutrition to improve brain development in the preterm infant. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, Article 961. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00961
105. Bassi, L., Bignotti, F., & Sannia, A. (2021). Cerebellum and prematurity: A complex interplay leading to a specific phenotype. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 15, Article 655164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2021.655164
106. Dewulf, J., Breysem, L., Jansen, K., Ortibus, E., Thewissen, L., & Naulaers, G. (2023). Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm infants with isolated grade I intraventricular hemorrhage: A matched case-control study. Belgian Journal of Paediatrics, 25(1), 28–30.
107. Bliss. (n.d.). Intraventricular haemorrhage (bleeding) (IVH). Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.bliss.org.uk/parents/about-your-baby/medical-conditions/intraventricular-haemorrhage-ivh
108. Bora, S., & Santhakumaran, S. (2017). Socio-emotional development following very preterm birth: Pathways to psychopathology. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 80. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00080
109. Boston Children's Hospital. (n.d.-a). Neuroprotection and neuroplasticity program. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.childrenshospital.org/programs/neuroprotection-and-neuroplasticity
110. Boston Children's Hospital. (n.d.-b). Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/periventricular-leukomalacia
111. Brossard-Racine, M., & Majnemer, A. (2016). Social brain circuitry and social cognition in infants born preterm. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, Article 363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00363
112. Brummelte, S., & Grunau, R. E. (2015). NICU stress is associated with brain development in preterm infants. Acta Paediatrica, 104(12), 1205–1211. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13197
113. Campbell, E., & Spittle, A. (2019). Understanding long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm infants. Australian Journal of General Practice, 48(1–2), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-06-18-4623
114. Carolina Behavior & Beyond. (n.d.). Early intervention services for premature infants: What you should know. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://carolinabehaviorandbeyond.com/early-intervention-services-for-premature-infants-what-you-should-know/
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185. Bassan, H. (2019). Postnatal nutrition to improve brain development in the preterm infant. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, Article 961. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00961
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207. University of California San Diego Health. (n.d.). Breastfeeding your premature baby. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://health.ucsd.edu/care/pregnancy-birth/nicu/breastfeeding-premature-baby/
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210. Hoeben, H., van Veenendaal, N. R., van Laerhoven, H., van den Heuvel, M. E. N., de Groof, F., van Kempen, A. A. M. W., van Goudoever, J. B., & van der Schoor, S. R. D. (2026). Family integrated care in single family rooms and neonatal outcomes in preterm infants: A multicenter cohort study. Neonatology, 123(3), 267–275. https://doi.org/10.1159/000550228
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213. van Veenendaal, N. R., van Kempen, A. A. M. W., Broekman, B. F. P., de Groof, F., van Laerhoven, H., van den Heuvel, M. E. N., Rijnhart, J. J. M., van Goudoever, J. B., & van der Schoor, S. R. D. (2022). Association of a zero-separation neonatal care model with stress in mothers of preterm infants. JAMA Network Open, 5(3), e224514. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.4514
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216. American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Advocacy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/
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221. Gautam, S., Thapa, M., & Karki, S. (2024). Unveiling parents' lived experience with preterm infant care and support in neonatal care units of public hospitals in Nepal. PLoS ONE, 19(6), e0319013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319013
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224. Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital. (2023). Neuroprotective care of the NICU infant. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/-/media/files/allchildrens/clinical-pathways/neuroprotective-care-of-the-nicu-infant-11_22_23.pdf
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231. Spittle, A., & Orton, J. (2014). Early developmental intervention for preterm infants. Infant, 10(3), 84–87. [note: authors verified; this is the same body of work as the Cochrane review above]
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233. Utah Department of Health. (n.d.). Very preterm births. Indicator-Based Information System for Public Health. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/VerPreBrth.html
234. UT Southwestern Medical Center. (2022, April 12). Pregnancy complications: What are the chances that they'll happen again? https://utswmed.org/medblog/recurrent-pregnancy-complications/

Chapter 9

235. Als, H., & McAnulty, G. B. (2011). The newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program (NIDCAP) with kangaroo mother care (KMC): Comprehensive care for preterm infants. Current Women's Health Reviews, 7(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340411796355216
236. Baby-Friendly USA. (n.d.). Ten steps adapted for the NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.babyfriendlyusa.org/for-facilities/nicu-toolkit/ten-steps-adapted-for-the-nicu/
237. McAnulty, G. B., Duffy, F. H., Butler, S. C., Parad, R. B., Rorke, L. B., & Als, H. (2010). Effects of the newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program on brain function in very preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology, 30(6), 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.183
238. Nationwide Children's Hospital. (n.d.). Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neonatal-hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy
239. Chen, [first author], et al. (2023). Family-centered care in the neonatal intensive care unit: A meta-analysis and systematic review of outcomes for preterm infants. Translational Pediatrics. [confirm author list, volume & DOI — first author is Chen, not Shah]

Chapter 10

240. American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Clinical practice guidelines. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.aap.org/en/search/?k=clinical%20practice%20guidelines&page=1&sort=newest
241. Benders, M. J. N. L., Kersbergen, K. J., & de Vries, L. S. (2020). The role of imaging in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant. Journal of Pediatrics, 222, 22–29.
242. Goldstar Rehabilitation. (n.d.). Why early intervention is beneficial for children with autism and ADHD. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.goldstarrehab.com/parent-resources/why-early-intervention-is-beneficial-for-children-with-autism-and-adhd
243. Health Policy Watch. (2023, May 10). A lost decade: Zero progress in reducing premature births since 2010, UN finds. https://healthpolicy-watch.news/a-lost-decade-zero-progress-in-reducing-premature-births-since-2010-un-finds/
244. Keunen, K., Benders, M. J. N. L., et al. (2012). The role of medication and brain development in the preterm infant. Journal of Pediatrics, 160(5), 734–739.
245. Sultana, S., Horiuchi, S., Homer, C. S. E., Baqui, A. H., & Vogel, J. P. (2025). The prevalence of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm-born children in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 15, Article 04106. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.15.04106
246. Valeri, B. O., Holsti, L., & Reynolds, J. N. (2020). Emergent prophylactic, reparative and restorative brain interventions for preterm infants. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 596. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00596
247. van den Heuvel, M. P., Kersbergen, K. J., de Reus, M. A., & Benders, M. J. N. L. (2014). The neonatal connectome during preterm brain development. Cerebral Cortex, 24(10), 2639–2651.

Chapter 11

248. March of Dimes. (n.d.). Prematurity Profile. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.marchofdimes.org/peristats/tools/prematurityprofile.aspx?reg=99
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251. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2007). Preterm birth: Causes, consequences, and prevention. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11622
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253. Riley Children's Health. (n.d.). Prior preterm birth. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.rileychildrens.org/health-info/prior-preterm-birth

Chapter 12

254. Als, H., & McAnulty, G. B. (2011). The newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program (NIDCAP) with kangaroo mother care (KMC): Comprehensive care for preterm infants. Current Women's Health Reviews, 7(3), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340411796355216
255. American Academy of Pediatrics. (n.d.). Advocacy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.aap.org/en/advocacy/
256. American Medical Association. (n.d.). Treatment decisions for seriously ill newborns. AMA Code of Medical Ethics. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/ethics-opinions/treatment-decisions-seriously-ill-newborns
257. ASHA. (n.d.). Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/
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259. Cerebral Palsy Guidance. (n.d.). Infant brain damage treatment. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com/birth-injury/infant-brain-damage/treatment/
260. European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants. (2020). World Prematurity Day 2020 advocacy message guide. https://www.efcni.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/2020_WPD_Advocacy_Message_Guide.pdf
261. Gautam, S., Thapa, M., & Karki, S. (2024). Unveiling parents' lived experience with preterm infant care and support in neonatal care units of public hospitals in Nepal. PLoS ONE, 19(6), e0319013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319013
262. Hudson David McNeel Foundation. (n.d.). Prematurity and NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://hudsonmcneel.org/prematurity-and-nicu/
263. Irish Neonatal Health Alliance. (n.d.). Definition of preterm birth. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://inha.ie/project/definition-of-premature-birth/
264. Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital. (2023). Neuroprotective care of the NICU infant. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/-/media/files/allchildrens/clinical-pathways/neuroprotective-care-of-the-nicu-infant-11_22_23.pdf
265. KoolMinds. (n.d.). Early intervention and neuroplasticity. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.koolminds.com/blog/early-intervention-and-neuroplasticity
266. March of Dimes. (n.d.). Research. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.marchofdimes.org/our-work/research
267. McAnulty, G. B., Duffy, F. H., Butler, S. C., Parad, R. B., Rorke, L. B., & Als, H. (2010). Effects of the newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program on brain function in very preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology, 30(6), 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1038/jp.2009.183
268. Nemours KidsHealth. (n.d.). When your baby's in the NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/nicu-caring.html
269. NICU Parent Network. (n.d.). Continuous and uninterrupted family presence in the NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://nicuparentnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Continuous-and-Uninterruped-Family-Presence-in-the-NICU.pdf
270. Pineda, R. G., Smith, J., Roussin, J., & Wallendorf, M. (2018). Parent participation in the neonatal intensive care unit: Predictors and relationships to neurobehavior and developmental outcomes. Journal of Perinatology, 38(4), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0062-8
271. Prematurity.org. (n.d.). Parent advocates are born in the NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.prematurity.org/advocacy-NICU.html
272. Schmidt, B., Roberts, R. S., Davis, P., Doyle, L. W., Barrington, K. J., Ohlsson, A., Solimano, A., & Tin, W. (2006). Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(20), 2112–2121.
273. Schmidt, B., Roberts, R. S., Davis, P., Doyle, L. W., Barrington, K. J., Ohlsson, A., Solimano, A., & Tin, W. (2007). Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(19), 1893–1902.
274. Spittle, A., & Orton, J. (2014). Early developmental intervention for preterm infants. Infant, 10(3), 84–87.
275. Therapies for Kids. (n.d.). Occupational therapy for prematurity. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://therapiesforkids.com.au/blog/prematurity-occupational-therapy/
276. UT Southwestern Medical Center. (2022, April 12). Pregnancy complications: What are the chances that they'll happen again? https://utswmed.org/medblog/recurrent-pregnancy-complications/

Chapter 13

277. Als, H., Duffy, F. H., McAnulty, G. B., Rivkin, M. J., Vajda, Z., Eichenwald, E. C., … & Anand, K. J. S. (2004). Individualized developmental care for the very-low-birth-weight preterm infant: Medical and neurofunctional effects. JAMA, 292(9), 1052–1061.
278. American Psychological Association. (2016, November). Growth after trauma. Monitor on Psychology, 47(10). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2016/11/growth-trauma
279. Anand, K. J. S., & Hickey, P. R. (1987). Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(21), 1321–1329.
280. Baby-Friendly USA. (n.d.). Ten steps adapted for the NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.babyfriendlyusa.org/for-facilities/nicu-toolkit/ten-steps-adapted-for-the-nicu/
281. Baron, I. S., & Rey-Casserly, C. (2016). Learning disabilities in extremely low birth weight children and neurodevelopmental profiles at preschool age. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 998. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00998
282. Bassan, H. (2019). Postnatal nutrition to improve brain development in the preterm infant. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, Article 961. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00961
283. British Association of Perinatal Medicine. (n.d.). Dietitians. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.bapm.org/pages/199-dietitians
284. British Dietetic Association. (2021). Dietitian staffing on neonatal units: BDA guidance. https://www.bda.uk.com/static/ab614d3e-e095-4e4f-96ae1458204e8810/391a27be-69a0-4b43-a52d54a731da7f01/BDA-Formatted-Staffing-Recc.pdf
285. Brummelte, S., & Grunau, R. E. (2014). The stressed premature brain: The effects of pain and stress on neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Current Pediatric Reviews, 10(4), 258–269.
286. Carolina Behavior & Beyond. (n.d.). Early intervention services for premature infants: What you should know. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://carolinabehaviorandbeyond.com/early-intervention-services-for-premature-infants-what-you-should-know/
287. Children's Hospital Colorado. (n.d.-a). Neonatal occupational therapy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/nicu-services/neonatal-occupational-therapy/
288. Children's Hospital Colorado. (n.d.-b). Neonatal physical therapy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.childrenscolorado.org/doctors-and-departments/departments/neonatal-intensive-care-unit/nicu-services/neonatal-physical-therapy/
289. Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (n.d.). Neonatal-perinatal fellowship program. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.chop.edu/pediatric-fellowships/neonatal-perinatal-fellowship
290. Conde-Agudelo, A., & Diaz-Rossello, J. L. (2016). Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(8), CD002771. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002771.pub4
291. Feldman, R., & Eidelman, A. I. (2007). Maternal-infant skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) and the development of parent-infant attachment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(5), 254–258.
292. Goldstar Rehabilitation. (n.d.). Why early intervention is beneficial for children with autism and ADHD. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.goldstarrehab.com/parent-resources/why-early-intervention-is-beneficial-for-children-with-autism-and-adhd
293. Graven, S. N. (2004). The full-term and premature newborn's sensory environment. Journal of Perinatology, 24(9), 549–556.
294. Inder, T. E., & Volpe, J. J. (2000). Mechanisms of perinatal brain injury. Seminars in Neonatology, 5(1), 3–16.
295. KoolMinds. (n.d.). Early intervention and neuroplasticity. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.koolminds.com/blog/early-intervention-and-neuroplasticity
296. Monk, C., Spicer, J., & Champagne, F. A. (2012). Linking prenatal maternal adversity to developmental outcomes in infants: The role of epigenetic pathways. Development and Psychopathology, 24(4), 1361–1376.
297. Nationwide Children's Hospital. (n.d.). Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/health-library/neonatal-hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy
298. O'Brien, K., Robson, K., Bracht, M., Cruz, M., Lui, K., Alvaro, R., … & Synnes, A. (2018). Effectiveness of family integrated care in neonatal intensive care units on infant and parent outcomes: A multicentre, multinational, cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(4), 245–254.
299. Provenzi, L., & Montirosso, R. (2015). The epigenetic impact of preterm birth and neonatal intensive care. Frontiers in Genetics, 6, 228.
300. Ranger, M., & Grunau, R. E. (2014). Early-life pain and allostatic load in the preterm infant: A new paradigm for understanding early-life adversity and later life disease. Clinical Perinatology, 41(4), 861–874.
301. Sensory Beginnings. (n.d.). Neurodevelopmental follow up. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://sensorybeginnings.com/blog/neurodevelopmental-follow-up/
302. Spittle, A., & Orton, J. (2014). Early developmental intervention for preterm infants. Infant, 10(3), 84–87.
303. TEIS. (2023, August 8). Brain plasticity and early childhood development. https://teis-ei.com/blog/brain-plasticity-and-early-childhood-development/
304. Therapies for Kids. (n.d.). Occupational therapy for prematurity. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://therapiesforkids.com.au/blog/prematurity-occupational-therapy/
305. Toronto Centre for Neonatal Health. (n.d.). Ethical decision-making in the health care of newborn infant. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://torontocentreforneonatalhealth.com/education-opportunities/elearning/ethical-decision-making-in-the-health-care-of-newborn-infant/
306. University of California San Diego Health. (n.d.). Breastfeeding your premature baby. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://health.ucsd.edu/care/pregnancy-birth/nicu/breastfeeding-premature-baby/
307. University of Rochester Medical Center. (n.d.). Skin-to-skin care — Kangaroo care. Golisano Children's Hospital. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/childrens-hospital/nicu/skin-to-skin
308. Utah Department of Health. (n.d.). Very preterm births. Indicator-Based Information System for Public Health. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://ibis.utah.gov/ibisph-view/indicator/complete_profile/VerPreBrth.html
309. UT Southwestern Medical Center. (2022, April 12). Pregnancy complications: What are the chances that they'll happen again? https://utswmed.org/medblog/recurrent-pregnancy-complications/
310. World Health Organization. (2023, May 9). 152 million babies born preterm in the last decade. https://www.who.int/news/item/09-05-2023-152-million-babies-born-preterm-in-the-last-decade

Chapter 14

311. Boykova, M. (2016). The role of the father in the NICU: An integrative review. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 30(3), 221–229.
312. Davidge, R., et al. (2022). "You're just a spare part": A qualitative study of fathers' experiences of having a baby in a neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 28(2), 99–104.
313. Ionio, C., et al. (2016). Fathers in the NICU: A study on the emotional reactions and the paternal role perception of fathers of preterm infants. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 29(14), 2336–2342.
314. Pohlman, S. (2005). The paternal experience in the NICU: A review of the literature. Neonatal Network, 24(6), 35–42.
315. Shaw, R. J., et al. (2006). The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in the neonatal intensive care unit. Psychosomatics, 47(3), 218–224.
316. Tully, K. P., & Ball, H. L. (2013). Understanding and enabling father-infant bonding in the neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Neonatal Nursing, 19(3), 115–121.

Chapter 15

317. Bell, P. L. (2007). Neonatal ethical decision making: Where does the NNP fit in? Advances in Neonatal Care, 7(4), 169–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ANC.0000286134.18370.47
318. Gautam, S., Thapa, M., & Karki, S. (2024). Unveiling parents' lived experience with preterm infant care and support in neonatal care units of public hospitals in Nepal. PLoS ONE, 19(6), e0319013. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319013
319. NICU Parent Network. (n.d.). Continuous and uninterrupted family presence in the NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://nicuparentnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Continuous-and-Uninterruped-Family-Presence-in-the-NICU.pdf
320. Pineda, R. G., Smith, J., Roussin, J., & Wallendorf, M. (2018). Parent participation in the neonatal intensive care unit: Predictors and relationships to neurobehavior and developmental outcomes. Journal of Perinatology, 38(4), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-018-0062-8
321. Chen, [first author], et al. (2023). Family-centered care in the neonatal intensive care unit: A meta-analysis and systematic review of outcomes for preterm infants. Translational Pediatrics. [confirm author list, volume & DOI — first author is Chen, not Shah]

Chapter 16

322. American Occupational Therapy Association. (2018). Occupational therapy's role in the neonatal intensive care unit. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(Suppl. 2), 7212410060p1.
323. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (n.d.). Early language acquisition and intervention. ASHA Perspectives. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/nnsld7.1.18
324. Beaming Health. (n.d.). Why OT is essential for premature babies' development. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://beaminghealth.com/article/why-ot-is-essential-for-premature-babies-development
325. Case-Smith, J., Frolek Clark, G. J., & Schlabach, T. L. (2013). Systematic review of interventions used in occupational therapy to promote motor performance for children ages birth–5 years. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(4), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2013.005959
326. Children's Hospital Colorado. (n.d.). Breastfeeding in the NICU and when you go home. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.childrenscolorado.org/just-ask-childrens/articles/nicu-breastfeeding/
327. Connected Speech Pathology. (n.d.). A parent's comprehensive guide to speech therapy for toddlers. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://connectedspeechpathology.com/blog/speech-therapy-for-toddlers
328. de Vries, L. S., et al. (2002). Neonatal diffusion tensor brain imaging predicts later motor outcome in preterm neonates with white matter abnormalities. Annals of Neurology, 52(4), 481–487.
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331. Fey, M. E., Warren, S. F., Brady, N., et al. (2006). Early effects of responsivity education/prelinguistic milieu teaching for children with developmental delays and their parents. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49(3), 526–547.
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333. Goldstar Rehabilitation. (n.d.). How early intervention helps with joint attention skills. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.goldstarrehab.com/parent-resources/how-early-intervention-helps-with-joint-attention-skills
334. Baxendale, J., & Hesketh, A. (2003). Comparison of the effectiveness of the Hanen Parent Programme and traditional clinic therapy. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(4), 397–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368282031000121651
335. Harris, S. R. (2015). Early diagnosis and early intervention in cerebral palsy. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(9), 893–900.
336. Indiana Resource Center for Autism. (n.d.). Evidence-based practices for effective communication and social intervention. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.iidc.indiana.edu/irca/articles/evidence-based-practices-for-effective-communication-and-social-intervention.html
337. Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). Parenteral nutrition for the preterm neonate clinical pathway. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/-/media/files/allchildrens/clinical-pathways/nicu_tpn-clinical-pathway-final_1_7_2025.pdf
338. Kaiser Permanente. (2023, September 21). Learning about the staff in the NICU. https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.learning-about-the-staff-in-the-nicu.abq0236
339. Jiang, D., Liu, X., Lin, Q., Wang, G., Wang, G., & Zhang, D. (2025). Music intervention for neurodevelopment in the pediatric population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 15(1), Article 10388.
340. Merrill, A. (n.d.). The building blocks of language in early childhood, Part 4. Merrill Center, University of Kansas. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://merrill.ku.edu/node/49
341. O'Brien, K., et al. (2015). The Baby Bridge program: A sustainable program that can improve therapy service delivery for preterm infants following NICU discharge. Washington University School of Medicine.
342. Pados, B. (2023). Perspectives on device-facilitated therapy in management of pediatric dysphagia in the neonatal intensive care unit. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 8(6), 1642–1647.
343. Pearson Assessments. (n.d.). Evidence-based speech and language intervention techniques for the birth to 3 population. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.pearsonassessments.com/content/dam/school/global/clinical/us/assets/ebp-briefs/EBPV5A5.pdf
344. Orton, J., Doyle, L. W., Tripathi, T., Boyd, R., Anderson, P. J., & Spittle, A. (2024). Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. [confirm volume/article no. — same review as earlier]
345. Resch, B., & Resch, E. (2022). Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants: A recent literature review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(13), 3656.
346. Sacred Heart University. (n.d.). The role of the SLP in promoting feeding efficiency in the NICU. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/acadfest/2025/all/237
347. University of Virginia Health. (n.d.). Occupational and physical therapy: A joint force to help premature babies. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://blog.uvahealth.com/2015/01/21/occupational-physical-therapy-joint-force-help-premature-babies/
348. Sultana, S., Horiuchi, S., Homer, C. S. E., Baqui, A. H., & Vogel, J. P. (2025). The prevalence of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm-born children in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 15, Article 04106. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.15.04106
349. Warren, S. F., & Fey, M. E. (2006). Responsivity education/prelinguistic milieu teaching. [add publication venue — this is an intervention approach/chapter]
350. Zayek, M. M., et al. (2012). Teamwork in the neonatal intensive care unit. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 26(2), 173–179.

Chapter 17

351. American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Treatments for PTSD. Retrieved August 1, 2025, from https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/treatments
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Chapter 18

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